A scoping review of artificial intelligence and the future of African agriculture: Opportunities, challenges and the path forward

Abstract
This review explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in African agriculture. The primary research question guiding this review is: How is AI being applied in African agriculture and what are the challenges and opportunities associated with its adoption? The main findings are that AI-driven innovations have numerous potentials and is already transforming African agriculture by improving efficiency from optimizing resource use on the farm to streamlining supply chain. However, AI has not yet been applied at scale and its impact remains constrained by infrastructural deficits, high costs, digital literacy gaps and existing socio-economic including gender inequalities. Concerns over data ownership and privacy also raise important ethical considerations. Without strategic investment in infrastructure, education and policy reforms that prioritizes inclusivity and equity, AI risks becoming an inaccessible innovation and a technological mirage for many African farmers. However, if governments, private sectors and research institutions collaborate with farmers to bridge these gaps, AI could be transformative. Investments in digital literacy programs and farmer-friendly AI-driven technologies tailored to local contexts are necessary. In addition, establishing robust regulatory frameworks that address data ownership and privacy concerns is crucial to increasing trust and acceptance and ensuring that AI benefits all stakeholders. Ultimately, the success of AI in agriculture in Africa will depend on how well it is integrated into local agricultural systems and its ability to address the continent’s distinct challenges.