Advanced Synthesis and Fabrication Strategies for 2D Mesoporous Carbon Materials in Energy Storage and Conversion

The growing global demand for efficient energy systems has heightened the need for advanced energy conversion and storage devices. Among emerging solutions, 2D mesoporous carbon materials have garnered significant attention due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and excellent electrical properties. This review provides a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in the synthesis and fabrication of these materials. Key methods discussed include template-assisted synthesis, chemical vapor deposition, and various activation techniques. Additionally, modern fabrication techniques such as electrospinning, spray drying, freeze drying, and inkjet printing are explored in depth. The review also covers characterization approaches, including structural, surface, and electrochemical analysis, and outlines applications in lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Finally, the article highlights existing challenges and future directions in the field of 2D mesoporous carbon materials for energy storage and conversion.