Beyond structural support: Synergizing nanocellulose with MXene, carbon, and MOFs for integrated EMI shielding, thermal management, and solar evaporation

In the pursuit of next-generation adaptive interfaces, the synergistic integration of nanocellulose with active nanofillers has redefined the boundaries of sustainable material engineering. This review presents a critical analysis of the field’s trajectory from 2017 to 2026, specifically isolating high-impact developments from 2023 to 2026 regarding nanocellulose composites reinforced with MXenes, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO). Chemical functionalization protocols, comprehending surface grafting and non-covalent assembly, essential for robust interfacial adhesion, are systematically examined and establish a foundation for the comprehensive evaluation of dimensionally controlled architectures. These range from 1D aligned fibers and 2D lamellar films to complex 3D aerogels and hydrogels, illustrating how structural hierarchy governs macroscopic function. The discussion reveals the mechanistic interplay within these hetero-structures, detailing how specific morphological designs enhance conductive percolation paths for high-efficiency Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding, optimize resistive thermal generation for rapid Joule heating, and regulate interfacial thermodynamics for broadband solar-driven evaporation. Distinctively, subsequent sections extend beyond standard performance metrics to evaluate the environmental viability of these architectures using a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework, thereby rigorously bridging the gap between laboratory synthesis and ecological responsibility. The review concludes by identifying persistent stability and scalability bottlenecks, offering a strategic perspective on the future of bio-integrated, multifunctional energy platforms.