Graphene oxide-based nanocomposite hydrogels for biosensor applications

Biosensors are routinely used as small analytical devices for the detection of specific parameters based upon their characteristic response or activities toward certain stimuli. The quick response is based upon the capability to renovate biochemical and biological interactions into quantifiable and processable physiochemical signals which are proportional to the analyte concentration. They are used for sensing analytes ranging from tiny particles or molecules to large objects, for example, glucose, saccharide, glycans, nucleic acids, pathogens, cancer cells, proteins, and others. The biosensor or a biological sensor is based upon a molecule, such as enzyme and antibody, and a transducer that converts data into an electrical or chemical signal. These signals help to identify the presence of hazardous or nonhazardous chemicals and elements, different type of diseases and drug analysis. In analyte, the enzymatic biosensor may contain glucose, lactase, glutamine, and glutamate as common analytes. This article discusses the known database about biosensors and their applications.