Mechanisms of Plant Colonization by Human Pathogenic Bacteria: An Emphasis on the Roots and Rhizosphere

Members of the Enterobacteriaceae have the capacity to adapt to a wide variety of environments and can be isolated from a range of host species across biological kingdoms. Fresh produce (fresh fruit and vegetables) are increasingly recognized as a major vehicle of transmission of bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, through the food chain. Rather than simply contaminating plant surfaces, there is a growing body of evidence to show that these bacteria actively interact with plants and can colonize them as alternative hosts. This review draws together evidence from studies that investigate proven and potential mechanisms involved in colonization of plants by human pathogenic enterobacteria, with an emphasis on colonization of the rhizosphere and root system.