Where are we now with meat alternatives? Global insights and strategic lessons for UK’s net-zero goals through agri-food system transition

Global efforts to improve food system sustainability require major changes in both food production and consumption practices. Research shows that the expansion of the meat alternatives market is one strategy in this transformation. Accordingly, the paper aims to synthesize the literature on the global meat alternatives sector and draw lessons that can support the UK’s transition to a sustainable, net zero agri-food system. This paper adopts a non-systematic, narrative synthesis approach. Such an approach allows for a contextual understanding of global insights, while identifying key lessons, challenges and opportunities for integrating meat alternatives into a more sustainable and climate-resilient agri-food system in the UK. The analysis is thematic and interpretive. The synthesis of the literature shows that pulses and plant-based alternative proteins currently have a higher acceptance compared to more novel sources like insects and cultured meat. Consumer preferences for meat alternatives are influenced by sensory attributes, demographic factors, economic considerations, cultural norms and motivation. However, there remain challenges with scaling production and aligning with consumer expectations. The paper highlights the variability of regulations across regions, which presents challenges for international market expansion. The review concludes that meat alternatives can contribute to sustainable food transitions, but current levels of acceptance and technological readiness remain modest. In examining the current state and future prospects of the UK meat alternatives market, lessons include the importance of aligning product offerings with consumer preferences and regulation that balances safety concerns with the need to encourage innovation and market entry for new products.